STABLE CLUSTERING ON AODV WITH SLEEP MODE

Clustering has evolved as an imperative research domain that enhances system performance such as throughput and delay in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) in the presence of both mobility and a large number of mobile terminals. In this thesis, we present a clustering scheme that minimizes message overhead and congestion for cluster formation and maintenance. The algorithm is devised to be dependent on Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing with sleep mode algorithm of MANET. The dynamic formation of clusters helps reduce data packet overhead, node complexity and power consumption. The goal of this algorithm is to decrease the number of cluster forming, maintain stable clustering structure and maximize lifespan of mobile nodes in the system. Nodes in MANET networks are basically battery operated, and thus have access to a limited amount of energy. This process proposes an Energy based Ad-Hoc on-Demand Routing algorithm that balances energy among nodes so that a minimum energy level is maintained among nodes and the lifetime of network is increased. The simulation has been performed in ns-2. The simulation shows that the number of clusters formed is in proportion with the number of nodes in MANET

Mycobacterium tuberculosis acquires iron by cell-surface sequestration and internalization of human holo-transferrin

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), which requires iron for survival, acquires this element by synthesizing iron-binding molecules known as siderophores and by recruiting a host iron-transport protein, transferrin, to the phagosome. The siderophores extract iron from transferrin and transport it into the bacterium. Here we describe an additional mechanism for iron acquisition, consisting of an M.tb protein that drives transport of human holo-transferrin into M.tb cells. The pathogenic strain M.tb H37Rv expresses several proteins that can bind human holo-transferrin. One of these proteins is the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, Rv1436), which is present on the surface of M.tb and its relative Mycobacterium smegmatis. Overexpression of GAPDH results in increased transferrin binding to M.tb cells and iron uptake. Human transferrin is internalized across the mycobacterial cell wall in a GAPDH-dependent manner within infected macrophages

Correlation of technical difficulty during embryo transfer with rate of clinical pregnancy

Aim: To correlate the ease or difficulty of embryo transfer and blood at catheter tip with pregnancy rate when embryo transfer (ET) was performed by the same operator using soft catheter. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 342 patients who underwent in vitro fertilization or ICSI cycle from January 2008 to December 2010 in a single centre was done. The type of transfer was divided into two groups: ′easy′ or ′difficult′. Transfer was considered difficult when additional instrumentation was required or firmer catheter was used or required changing of catheter. Patients undergoing cryo-preserved ET were excluded from the study. Results: On the day of transfer in 284 (83%) patients, ET was easy and difficulty was encountered in 58 (17%) patients. Blood at catheter was seen in 101 (29.53%) patients. In the group of 58 difficult transfers, 10 pregnancies resulted with a clinical pregnancy rate of 17.2%, while 67 pregnancies resulted in 284 cycles of easy transfer with clinical pregnancy rate of 23.6% (P value = 0.045). While no significant difference was seen in pregnancies with blood on outer catheter and blood less transfer, there was significant reduction in pregnancy rate when blood was present on catheter tip compared to bloodless transfer (13.3% v/s 24.1; P value = 0.032). Conclusion: Reduction in clinical pregnancy rate is seen with difficult ETs, more when blood is present at the catheter tip

Autologous platelet rich fibrin

Aim: The aim of the study was to determine whether the addition of autologous platelet rich fibrin(PRF) membrane to a coronally advanced flap(CAF) would improve the outcome of the root coverage procedure. Material and methods: systematically 10 healthy patients with miller’s class I and class II gingival recession defect were selected and divided into control (CAF) and test site (CAF&PRF). Clinical outcome was analysed on the basis of Plaqueindex(PI), Gingival Index (GI), Pocket Depth (PD), Clinical attachment loss(CAL), Width of keratinized gingiva(KT),Percentage root coverage (RC).Result: The root coverage was 61.66±33.379% at the end of 6 month in control site, and 63.33±20.48% at the end of 6 month post treatment .Conclusion:- CAF is a predictable treatment for the isolated millers class I and class II recession defect

Cementoblastoma: A case report

Benign cementoblastoma is a rare odontogenic tumour characterized by the formation of a mass of cementum or cementum like tissue attached to the roots of the tooth. It is probably a true neoplasm of functional cementoblasts that usually occurs around the root of a mandibular premolar or molar tooth. Cementoblastoma are slow growing lesions and are usually asymptomatic; however pain and swelling may occur. Thus this case report reveals that cementoblastoma is usually asymptomatic and slow growing lesions but associated with pain and swelling. This report presents a large cementoblastoma of the right mandibular body, extending from the first premolar to the second molar, in a 23-years-old male patient which was confirmed by its radiological and histopathological features

Evaluation of interleukin-6 in non surgical periodontal therapy with & without laser: a clinico-biochemical study

The aim of this clinical trial was to examine the clinical and biochemical efficacy of diode laser as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP). 30 subjects were selected on basis of inclusion criteria and were categorized into two groups. After selection of subjects, 15 patients were included under control group and 15 patients were included under test group randomly. Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing depth, and clinical attachment level were measured at baseline, 1 month and 3 months after treatment. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), component of gingival crevicular fluid were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Better outcome was observed in test group compared to control group in full-mouth clinical parameters. The total amount of IL-6 value was decreased (p<0.05) after treatment in both the test as well as the control groups (p<0.05). The Diode laser provided significant improvements in clinical parameters which showed its positive effect on non surgical periodontal therap

Circadian rest-activity misalignment in critically ill medical intensive care unit patients.

Circadian alignment of rest-activity rhythms is an essential biological process that may be vulnerable to misalignment in critically ill patients. We evaluated circadian rest-activity rhythms in critically ill patients and their association with baseline (e.g. age) and clinical (e.g. mechanical ventilation status) variables, along with intensive care unit light-dark cycles. Using wrist actigraphy, we collected 48-hr activity and light exposure data from critically ill patients in a tertiary care medical intensive care unit. We evaluated circadian rest-activity rhythms using COSINOR and non-parametric circadian rhythm analysis models, and stratified these data across baseline and clinical variables. We used linear regression to evaluate the association of circadian rest-activity and light-dark exposure rhythms. In COSINOR and non-parametric circadian rhythm analysis analyses, the 34 medical intensive care unit patients completing 48-hr actigraphy recordings exhibited mean MESOR (mean activity levels of a fitted curve) and amplitudes of 0.50 ± 0.32 and 0.20 ± 0.19 movements per 30-s epoch, with high interdaily variability. Patients who were older, mechanically ventilated, sedated, restrained and with higher organ failure scores tended to exhibit greater circadian rest-activity misalignment, with three of 34 (9%) patients exhibiting no circadian rhythmicity. Circadian light-dark exposure misalignment was observed as well and was associated with rest-activity misalignment (p = 0.03). Critically ill patients in our MICU experienced profound circadian rest-activity misalignment, with mostly weak or absent rhythms, along with circadian light-dark exposure misalignment. Potentially modifiable factors contributing to rest-activity misalignment (i.e. mechanical ventilation, restraints, low daytime light levels) highlight possible targets for future improvement efforts